This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6574 | Post No. : | 20463 |
Today’s song is the last and final song from the social film ‘Khoj’ (1953). With this song the film has all songs covered and it is Yippeee’d !
The film was made by Dogra films, Bombay, a banner owned by the producer of this film CR Dogra. The film was directed by Balwant Bhatt, elder brother of another director Nanabhai Bhatt. Music was by Nisar Bazmi who migrated to Pakistan and became a big name there. The cast of the film was Shammi, Mahipal, Satish, Kammo, Rajan Kapoor, Omkar Devaskar, Helen (Richardson), Rajni and many others.
Today’s song is one of the better songs of the film, but due to some dispute, it was removed from the film after 6 months of release. A record (No. N-50555) was also issued and the song is mentioned in HFGK.
The story of the film was woven around the theme of look-alikes. This is one of the most popular and successful themes of Hindi films and many such films became hits. The first double role with look-alikes in a talkie film was ‘Awara Shehzada’ (1933) (In Marathi this film was titled ‘Ghatkecha Raja’), with Shahu Modak in the lead role. The look alike stories give birth to double roles in films. Such films are best suited for crime stories or comedy films. Films like ‘Don’ and ‘Ram Aur Shyam’ are examples. Not only males but even female double roles like in ‘Seeta Aur Geeta’ became popular. The first female look-alike theme based talkie film was ‘Muqabla’ (1942), in which Fearless Nadia did the double role.
Here is a statistics collected from the Internet about Double roles….
1. The first ever double role was in the silent film, ‘Lanka Dahan’ (1917), in which actor Anna Salunkhe did the roles of both Ram and Seeta !
2. The first double role in a talkie film was done by Shahu Modak in the film,’Awara Shahzada’ (1933). The film was based on Hollywood film ‘The Prince and the Pauper’ (1929).
3. From 1931 to 2014, there were 318 films having double or multiple roles.
4. From 1957 to 2014 there was at least one film every year, having double roles.
5. In the decade of the 90s. maximum-81 films had double roles.
6. In 1974 , maximum films-12 came with double roles.
7. maximum double role films are done by
Amitabh Bachhan – 15
Kader khan-14 (from 1988 to 1995, one double role film every year)
Rajesh Khanna-11
Mithun Chakravarty-11
Dharmendra-10
Govinda-10…..
There are many other actors in the list.
8. In the film ‘Trikaal’ (1985), 5 actors had double roles.
The story of the film was…..
It was a miracle of nature that two young men – Suraj and Ranbir, not having any blood relation, were look-alikes. Suraj was a rich and noble man, whereas Ranbir was a well known, ‘wanted’ dacoit. After knowing this similarity, Ranbir plans to take advantage of this.
Suraj loves a simple girl Kusum and is engaged to her. Ranbir sends his moll Mohini to lure Suraj. As expected Suraj falls prey to her and marries her. The very next day, Suraj is arrested by police on suspicion that he is Ranbir. Now all his wealth is in the hands of Ranbir. Next day, Suraj escapes from jail and goes to Kusum, who tries to save him and hide him. However the goons of Ranbir trace him and take him to their hideout. Ranbir decides to kill him now.
Meanwhile Mohini repents and tells everything to the police before she is killed by Ranbir. However the police reach his hideout, kill Ranbir in the encounter, find and save Suraj. Now Suraj and Kusum get united and all is well.
Actress Shammi, popularly known as Shammi Auntie, was the heroine in this film. It is difficult to believe, but she was the heroine in a few films in her early career. Such unexpected matters do happen in Hindi Films. Can you believe that another auntie/grandmother Deena Pathak was also heroine in early films and that she sang 2 songs also in the film ‘Paraya Dhan’ (1943) ?
Nargis Rabadi (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her stage name Shammi, was a Parsi actress who appeared in over two hundred Hindi films. Shammi remained a sought-after actress with filmmakers when it came to goofy and comic roles, especially in the period 1949–1969 and later from 1980–2002. Her famous films as supporting actress included ‘Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai’, ‘Half Ticket’, ‘Halaku’, ‘Samaj Ko Badal Dalo’, ‘Khuda Gawah’, ‘Coolie No. 1’, ‘Gopi Kishan’ and ‘Hum Saath Saath Hain’ and films with Rajesh Khanna like ‘The Train’, ‘Aanchal’, ‘Kudrat’, ‘Red Rose’, ‘Awara Baap’ and ‘Swarg’. She had been a leading actress playing main female lead or second female lead in Hindi films between 1949 and 1955 as well. Later, from 1986 till 1998, she appeared in many popular television serials such as ‘Dekh Bhai Dekh’, ‘Zabaan Sambhal Ke’, ‘Shriman Shrimati’, ‘Kabhi Yeh Kabhi Woh’ and ‘Filmi Chakkar’. Shammi was married to film producer and director Sultan Ahmed for seven years, before they were divorced. Shammi was the younger sister of fashion designer Mani Rabadi.
She was born on 24-4-1929 in Bombay. Her father was a priest in an agyari (Parsi fire temple) and died when she was around three years old. After her father’s death, her mother used to cook food at all the religious functions organized by the Parsi community to earn money. Rabadi had an elder sister Mani Rabadi, who was a fashion designer and worked extensively with many actresses as their dress designer in Hindi films between 1967 and 1994. Her mother’s younger sister lived with her. They stayed in Tata Blocks in Parel, South Mumbai in 1930–47 period. Her sister joined Johnson and Johnson as a secretary after completing her secondary school education.
In 1942, Johnson and Johnson manufactured tablets and Rabadi was employed in the packing department. Her job was to collect the tablets that were not sealed in the tablet case, and had fallen off from the machine. She had to put them into big bottles which would go to hospitals for free distribution to patients. She was paid Rs 100 per month for doing this job.
She got into films by chance. A family friend Chinnu Mama was working with filmmaker Mehboob Khan. Chinnu was very friendly with actor and producer Sheikh Mukhtar. At that time, Mukhtar was looking for an actress for the second lead, in a film he was to start with Begum Para as the main female lead. Chinnu Mama asked Nargis whether she would like to join films and asked her to meet Sheikh Mukhtar in the studios the next day. Mukhtar was concerned about her Hindi speaking skills as she was a Parsi. Nargis immediately told a worried Sheikh that she would be talking with him in Hindi itself, and that he should point out any flaw if he was able to find any. Sheikh Mukhtar was quite shocked, but was impressed. The next day, she was called to Mahalaxmi studios for her screen test for a film. She was advised by director Tara Harish to change her name to ‘Shammi’ as there was another actress named Nargis in the industry. Her monthly salary was Rs 500. She was asked to sign a three-year contract with a condition that she couldn’t work outside without their permission. She was just 18 when she signed her first film, ‘Ustad Pedro’, in January 1949. ‘Ustad Pedro’ had Sheikh Mukhtar opposite Begum Para and Mukri as the comedian and it was directed by Tara Harish and this film was a hit at the box office in 1949.
She had to attend the studio every day and practice acting even when she had no shoot. Shammi had to read dialogues of other films and Harish, the film’s director, taught her a lot of things since he was an actor himself. Harish was directing another film with Mukesh in the lead as the hero, called ‘Malhar’. Shammi was given the main lead in that film. Since the director was the same, Shammi was allowed to work outside the Sheikh Mukthar banner. She got good reviews for ‘Malhar’. The music of ‘Malhar’ was a super-hit and ‘Malhar’ made Shammi a famous star. Shammi was financially stable now, so they shifted to Bandra. During the shooting of ‘Malhar’, she met Nargis (later known as Nargis Dutt) through Jaddan Bai, who was the mother of Nargis. They became good friends. After that meeting, Nargis would frequently call Shammi to her house in Marine Drive. Nargis was her best friend and later, because of their friendship she got a supporting role in the film ‘Miss India’. She quoted in an interview “Nargis was the first actor to be paid Rs 1 lakh; even Dilip Kumar did not get that kind of money then. It was the talk of the industry. Actors like me who did supporting roles would get anything around Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000.”
Her third film was with Dilip Kumar and Madhubala, called ‘Sangdil’. It was released late in 1952 and was only a moderate success. Since ‘Sangdil’ was unpopular with the audience, she did not get work for seven months. Shammi used to play the main lead or second lead in films from 1949 to 1952, but after ‘Sangdil’, she started taking whatever work came to her and took a few films with vamp roles. She quoted in an interview: “Many people scolded me when I did that but I was clear in my mind that I had to work. Sitting at home would not help me since I was the breadwinner of the family.” She got roles as the leading heroine opposite heroes such as Mahipal, Manhar Desai and Karan Dewan. After the release of K. Asif’s hit film ‘Musafirkhana’, she was flooded with similar roles. Her role opposite comedian Johnny Walker was appreciated in this film.
Some of her successful movies as supporting actress in this were ‘Ilzam’ (1954), ‘Pehli Jhalak’ (1955), ‘Bandish’ (1955), ‘Azaad’ (1955), ‘Halaku’ (1956), ‘Son of Sinbad’ (1955), ‘Raj Tilak’ (1958), ‘Khazanchi’ (1958), ‘Ghar Sansar’ (1958), ‘Aakhri Dao’ (1958), ‘Kangan’ (1959), ‘Bhai-Bahen’ (1959) and ‘Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai’ (1960). The rest of her films released from 1952 to 1960 were deemed as commercial failures. In the period 1962 to 1970, her comedy and vamp roles made an impact in successful films such as ‘Half Ticket’, ‘Ishaara’, ;Jab Jab Phool Khile’, ‘Preet Na Jane Reet’, ‘Aamne Saamne’, ‘Upkar’, ’Ittefaq’, ‘Saajan’, ‘Doli’,’Raja Saab’ and ‘The Train’.
Shammi became pregnant two times, but both times she miscarried, and therefore she and Sultan Ahmed did not have any children. This had an adverse effect on their marriage, which lasted for seven years. During that period, the couple had bought a house and Sultan wanted to put the house in her name, but Shammi was of the opinion that since her sister-in-law was not doing anything, Ahmed should put the house in his sister’s name. Ahmed’s brother in law’s family resided with them. Sultan’s brother’s wife was uneducated, so Shammi took care of the child. Shammi admitted the child to a school in Shimla. Due to some differences, she broke up with her husband in 1980. She walked out of the house without any cash in hand, and left without her car too. She had the old house where she stayed with her mother in Bandra, so she shifted there. Nargis Dutt was upset when Shammi separated from her husband. She helped Shammi get a role in ‘The Burning Train’ within 8 days after Shammi had left her house. Her friend Rajesh Khanna helped her get small roles in films with him in the lead from 1980 such as ‘Red Rose’, ‘Aanchal’, ‘Kudrat’, ‘Awara Baap’ and ‘Swarg’. These films again got her noticed as a supporting actress and hence revived her career.
To help her recover from the losses, Rajesh Khanna, who was producing television series then, helped Shammi get a few shows to produce on Doordarshan. She was getting paid well for her roles in the films and in television serials and she started saving money. From her very first movie, she never went asking for work—the work came to her through close friends. Her performances in serials such as ‘Dekh Bhai Dekh’, ‘Zabaan Sambhal Ke’, ‘Shriman Shrimati’, ‘Kabhi Yeh Kabhi Woh’ and ‘Filmi Chakkar’ were appreciated. She was very much in demand from 1990 to 2000, appearing in many successful films such as ‘Coolie No 1’, ‘Hum’, ‘Mardon Wali Baat’, ‘Gurudev’, ‘Gopi Kishan’, ‘Hum Saath-Saath Hain’ and ‘Imtihaan’. Her portrayal of the role of a drug addict in Mahesh Bhatt’s ‘Lahu Ke Do Rang’ had stunned the audience. Movie offers, however, stopped coming to her after 2002 since she was aging. She was rarely approached for roles from 2008 to 2011. In all, Shammi acted in 222 films, directed 1 film ‘Pighalta Aasman’ (1987), and sang 2 songs in 2 films.
She made a comeback with ‘Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi’ in 2013; as Bela Sehgal, the director, wanted her to do it because it was the role of a Parsi woman. She died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, from natural causes at the age of 88.
Here is the last and final song from the film ‘Khoj’. Now all songs from this film are covered on this blog, and the film is now Yippeee’d ! It is sung by Shamshad Begum and chorus. Enjoy….
Song – Miley Dildaar Ko Dildaar Badi Mushkil Se (Khoj) (1953) Singer – Shamshad Begum, Chorus, Lyricist – Raja Mehdi Ali Khan, MD – Nissar Bazmi
Lyrics (Provided by Sudhir)
miley dildaar vey
miley dildaar ko dildaar badi mushkil se
ji badi mushkil se
haan ji badi mushkil se
khila karta hai ye gulzar badi mushkil se
ji badi mushkil se
haan ji badi mushkil se
miley dildaa..aar
chaar din ki ye jawani..ee..ee
chaar din ki ye jawani
chaar din ki ye jawani hai mohabbat kar le
tu mohabbat kar le
ho mohabbat kar le
jo hai jeene ki tamanna to kisi par mar le
jo hai jeene ki tamanna to kisi par mar le
tu mohabbat kar le
ho mohabbat kar le
ye bahaar aati hai
ye bahaar aati hai sarkaar badi mushkil se
ji badi mushkil se
haan ji badi mushkil se
miley dildaar vey
miley dildaar ko dildaar badi mushkil se
ji badi mushkil se
haan ji badi mushkil se
miley dildaa..aar
dekho ji pyaar ki barsaa..aa..aat
dekho ji pyaar ki barsaat
dekho ji pyaar ki barsaat na phir aayegi
ho na phir aayegi
ho na phir aayegi
mad bhari aankhon mein ye baat naa phir aayegi
mad bhari aankhon mein ye baat naa phir aayegi
ho na phir aayegi
ho na phir aayegi
aankh se jhaankta hai
aankh se jhaankta hai pyaar badi mushkil se
ji badi mushkil se
haan ji badi mushkil se
miley dildaar vey
miley dildaar ko dildaar badi mushkil se
ji badi mushkil se
haan ji badi mushkil se
miley dildaa..aar vey
Hindi script lyrics (Provided by Sudhir)
मिले दिलदार वे’
मिले दिलदार को दिलदार बड़ी मुश्किल से
जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
हाँ जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
खिला करता है ये गुलजार बड़ी मुश्किल से
जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
हाँ जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
मिले दिलदा..आर
चार दिन की ये जवानी..ई..ई
चार दिन की ये जवानी
चार दिन की ये जवानी है मोहब्बत कर ले
तू मोहब्बत कर ले
हो मोहब्बत कर ले
जो है जीने की तमन्ना तो किसी पर मर ले
जो है जीने की तमन्ना तो किसी पर मर ले
तू मोहब्बत कर ले
हो मोहब्बत कर ले
ये बहार आती है
ये बहार आती है सरकार बड़ी मुश्किल से
जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
हाँ जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
मिले दिलदार वे
मिले दिलदार को दिलदार बड़ी मुश्किल से
जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
हाँ जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
मिले दिलदा..आर
देखो जी प्यार की बरसा..आ..आत
देखो जी प्यार की बरसात
देखो जी प्यार की बरसात ना फिर आएगी
हो ना फिर आएगी
हो ना फिर आएगी
मद भरी आँखों’में ये बात ना फिर आएगी
मद भरी आँखों’में ये बात ना फिर आएगी
हो ना फिर आएगी
हो ना फिर आएगी
आँख से झाँकता है
आँख से झाँकता है प्यार बड़ी मुश्किल से
जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
हाँ जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
मिले दिलदार वे’
मिले दिलदार को दिलदार बड़ी मुश्किल से
जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
हाँ जी बड़ी मुश्किल से
मिले दिलदा..आर वे
- In: Baag/Bagiya song | Dance song | Devnagri script lyrics by Sudhir | Geeta Dutt solo | Geeta Dutt songs | Group Dance | Guest posts | Lyrics by Sudhir | Lyrics contributed by readers | Post by Arunkumar Deshmukh | Romantic song | Songs of 1950s (1951 to 1960) | Songs of 1951 | Yearwise breakup of songs
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This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6573 | Post No. : | 20461 |
Today’s song is from a 75 year old mythological film ‘Laxmi Narayan’ (1951).
The film was made by Homi Wadia’s Basant Pictures, Bombay. It was directed by the B and C grade film specialist Nanubhai Bhatt. Music was by another specialist SN Tripathi. Lyricists were BD Mishra and Ramesh Pandey. The cast of the film included Meena Kumari, Mahipal, SN Tripathi, Dalpat, Urmila, BM Vyas, Sulochana, Vasant Rao Pehalwan and many others.
Pighalta Hua Ye Samaa
Posted on: July 17, 2026
- In: "film Shooting" song | Asha Bhonsle songs | Asha Bhonsle Udit Narayan duet | Baag/Bagiya song | Devnagri script lyrics by Sudhir | Guest posts | Love song | Lyrics contributed by readers | Post by Sadanand Kamath | Song in Film Inside Film | Songs of 1990s (1991 to 2000) | Songs of 1997 | Udit Narayan Song | Yearwise breakup of songs
- 2 Comments
This article is written by Sadanand Kamath, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6573 | Post No. : | 20460 |
‘Darmiyaan’ (1997) was produced by RV Pandit under the banner of PAN Productions and was directed by Kalpana Lajmi who also wrote the story, screenplay and dialogues for the film. The main cast included Kiron Kher, Sayaji Shinde, Rita Ganguly, Shahbaaz Khan, Tabu and Arif Zakaria (debutant).
Aadha Teetar Aadha Bater
Posted on: July 15, 2026
- In: Devnagri script lyrics by Sudhir | Fun lyrics song | fun timepass song | Guest posts | Kishore Kumar songs | Lyrics by Sudhir | Lyrics contributed by readers | Post by Arunkumar Deshmukh | Shamshad Begam songs | Shamshad Begam-Kishore Kumar duet | Songs of 1950s (1951 to 1960) | Songs of 1953 | Yearwise breakup of songs
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This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6571 | Post No. : | 20459 |
Today’s song is from a social film ‘Lehren’ (1953).
The cast of the film included Shyama, Kishore Kumar, Shakuntala, Bipin Gupta, Om Prakash, Sunder, Leela Mishra, Iftekhar, Pachhi, Johnny Walker and many others. Lyricist was Rajendra Krishn and Music was by C Ramchandra. Rajendra Krishna and CR worked together in 52 films, till they separated in 1958.
Main Hoon Bharat Ki Naar
Posted on: July 14, 2026
This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6570 | Post No. : | 20458 |
Today’s song is from a South-made Hindi romantic comedy film ‘Ladki’ (1953).
The film was made by AVM Productions, Madras. The producer was AV Meippan, owner of AVM company. It was directed by MV Raman. Music was by R Sudarshanam-Dhaniram and C Ramchandra. The cast included Bharat Bhushan, Vyjayantimala, Kishore Kumar, Anjali devi, Leela Mishra, Randhir, Raj Mehra, Om Prakash and many others. Lyricists were Rajendra Krishn and TA Moti.
Mere Chanda Main Teri Chandani
Posted on: July 13, 2026
- In: "chaand" song | Devnagri script lyrics by Sudhir | expression of love | Feelings of heart | Guest posts | Happy song | Jagjit Kaur songs | joie de vivre | Lyrics by Sudhir | Lyrics contributed by readers | Post by Arunkumar Deshmukh | Rare song | Songs of 1950s (1951 to 1960) | Songs of 1953 | Yearwise breakup of songs
- 2 Comments
This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6569 | Post No. : | 20457 |
Today’s song is from a social film- ‘Khoj’ (1953).
Film ‘Khoj’ was made by Dogra Films, Bombay for the producer CR Dogra, owner of this banner. The film was directed by Balwant Bhatt, elder brother of director Nanabhai Bhatt. Music was by Nisar Bazmi, who migrated to Pakistan nn the early 1960’s. The cast of the film was Shammi, Mahipal, Rajan Kapoor, Omkar Devaskar, Helen, Rajani and many others.
- In: "Aankh" song | Devnagri script lyrics by Sudhir | Feelings of heart | Guest posts | Lover's Complaint | Lyrics contributed by readers | Post by Arunkumar Deshmukh | Rare song | sad song | Separation song | Songs of 1950s (1951 to 1960) | Songs of 1956 | Songs of Loneliness | Yearwise breakup of songs
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This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6568 | Post No. : | 20455 |
Today’s song is from a Costume film ‘Awaara Shahzadi’ (1956).
1956 was the Silver Jubilee year of Indian Talkie Films. This year, the most successful films were entertainers. There were of course some films carrying social messages. One of them was ‘Jaagte Raho’ (‘Ek Din Ratre’ in Bangla), which tried to bring out the upper middle class hypocrisy in a metro city like Bombay. Initially, the film did not make any ripples, but after it won international awards, it became very popular. (People of other nations have to tell us that our film is good !). A social message, excellent music and solid story – the hallmarks of an RK film were all there in it.
Ganga ki bhoomi Jamuna ka desh
Posted on: July 11, 2026
This article is written by Arunkumar Deshmukh, a fellow enthusiast of Hindi movie music and a contributor to this blog. This article is meant to be posted in atulsongaday.me. If this article appears in other sites without the knowledge and consent of the web administrator of atulsongaday.me, then it is piracy of the copyright content of atulsongaday.me and is a punishable offence under the existing laws.
| Blog Day : | 6567 | Post No. : | 20454 |
Today’s song is from the film Gaon-1947.
After the II World War was over, it was clear that the British were unable to rule India anymore, due to the war effects on their own country – which was their first priority to mend and develop now. Most Indians felt that the British were leaving India because of Gandhi and Nehru. The respect for these two affected the film industry too. Films on what Gandhi taught about villages and village life and farmers were made. Film gaon-1947 was also one of these films, which tried to emphasize that life in the villages was better than cities and the Indian culture can thrive only in villages.After the exit of Gandhi, Nehru’s philosophy was followed in the films of post 1948 and the decade of 1950’s. Major producer- directors like Mehboob Khan and Bimal Roy, for example,were true followers of Nehru’s Socialist Philosophy, which prompted them to make films like Mother India and Naya Daur etc. Lets not go into discussing politics, post independence. This is not a platform for that.




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